艱:

①艱難;困難。《楚辭·離騷》:“長太息以掩涕兮,哀民生之多艱。”②艱險;險惡。《詩經·小雅·何人斯》:“彼何人斯,其心孔艱。”《周易·泰卦》:“無平不陂,無往不復,艱貞無咎。”③父母之喪。《世說新語·德行》:“王安豐遭艱,至性過人,裴令往吊之。”

難:

(一)nán 困難;艱難。與“易”相對。《老子》第二章:“故有無相生,難易相成。”李白《蜀道難》:“蜀道之難,難於上青天。” (二)nàn ①災難;禍患。《孫子·謀攻》:“三軍既惑且疑,則諸侯之難至矣。”《韓非子·五蠹》:“堅甲厲兵以備難。”(厲兵:磨快兵器。)特指兵難,反抗或叛亂。賈誼《過秦論》:“一夫作難而七廟隳。”(七廟:天子的宗廟。隳 :毀壞。)蘇軾《晁錯論》:“惟仁人君子豪傑之士,能出身為天下犯大難,以求成大功。”②怨仇。《戰國策·秦策一》:“以與周武為難。”(周武:周武王。)《史記·張儀列傳》:“楚嘗與秦構難,戰於漢中。”③責備;責難。《孟子·離婁下》:“於禽獸又何難焉?”又詰問;反駁。《論衡·問孔》:“造難孔子,何傷於義?”王安石《答司馬諫議書》:“辟邪說,難壬人。”(壬人:佞人,巧言諂媚的小人。)又辯駁的觀點,論點。《漢書·高帝紀》:“(漢王)以問張良,良發八難。” (三)nuó ①茂盛的樣子。《詩經·小雅·隰桑》:“隰桑有阿,其葉有難。”(阿:通“婀”,柔美的樣子。)②驅逐疫鬼。後來寫作“儺”。《周禮·夏官·方相氏》:“帥百隸而時難,以索室驅疫。”

多:

①數量大,與“少”相對。《孟子·公孫醜下》:“得道者多助,失道者寡助。”(得道:指得治國之道,即行仁政。寡:少。)王維《相思》:“願君多采擷。”②勝過;超過。湯顯祖《紫簫記·巧探》:“想他才似相如,貌多王粲。”(相如:司馬相如,漢辭賦傢。王粲:漢魏間人,貌美多才。)③稱贊;著重。《史記·季佈欒佈列傳》:“諸公皆多季佈能摧剛為柔,朱傢以此名聞當世。”《史記·魏其武安侯列傳》:“士亦以此多之。”④過分的;多餘的。《莊子·漁父》:“今子既上無君侯有司之勢,而下無大臣職事之官,而擅飭(chì)禮樂,選人倫以化齊民,不泰多事乎?”(飭:整頓。泰:太,過於,過分。)劉劭《人物志·體別》:“夫在多疑。”⑤增多。《荀子·天論》:“因物而多之,孰與騁能而化之?”⑥通“哆”,不正。《法言·吾子》:“中正則雅,多哇則鄭。”(哇:淫邪的樂聲。)⑦副詞。表示限定。約相當於“隻”、“僅僅”。朱浮《為幽州牧與彭寵書》:“此猶河濱之民捧土以塞孟津,多見其不知量也。”《論語·子張》:“人雖欲自絕,其何傷於日月乎? 多見其不知量也。”

病:

①重病;重傷。古稱輕病為疾,重病為病。《左傳·僖公二十八年》:“病,則將殺之。”後泛指一般疾病。《孟子·滕文公上》:“吾固願見,今吾尚病;病愈,我且往見。”②患病。《後漢書·王充傳》:“永元中,病卒於傢。”③困苦;疾苦。白居易《寄唐生》:“惟歌生民病,願得天子知。”④憂慮;擔心。《左傳·襄公二十四年》:“鄭人病之。”⑤缺點;錯誤。《孔子傢語·在厄》:“孔子聖賢,其所刺譏,皆中諸侯之病。”

二:

①數詞。一加一的和。《荀子·勸學》:“問一而告二謂之囋。”②第二。聶夷中《詠田傢》:“二月賣新絲,五月糶(tiào)新谷。”(糶:賣糧食。)③不專一;不一致。魏徵《述懷》:“季佈無二諾,侯嬴重一言。”(諾:許諾。)《漢書·王陵傳》:“毋以老妾故持二心。”

陵:

①大土山。《詩經·小雅·天保》:“如山如皋,如岡如陵。”②越過;逾越。《禮記·檀弓上》:“喪事雖遽不陵節。”(遽:匆忙。節:規矩。)《後漢書·馮衍傳》:“不求茍得,常有陵雲之志。”③升;登。郭璞《遊仙詩十四首》之一:“臨源挹(yì)清波,陵岡掇(duō)丹荑。”(挹:舀取。掇:拾取。丹荑:草的紅色嫩芽。)④乘;凌駕。《淮南子·原道》:“乘雲陵霄。”曹植《洛神賦》:“陵波微步。”⑤欺凌;侵犯。《管子·治國》:“民貧則危鄉輕傢,危鄉輕傢則敢陵上犯禁。”(危:危害。)⑥磨礪。《荀子·君道》:“兵刃不待陵而勁。”(勁:堅強有力。)⑦帝王陵墓。《國語·齊語》:“定民之居,成民之事,陵為之終。”[陵夷]衰微。《漢書·成帝紀》:“帝王之道,日以陵夷。”

無:

①沒有。跟“有”相對。陸遊《遊山西村》:“山重水復疑無路。”②副詞。表示否定,相當於“不”。《商君書·農戰》:“民以此為教,則粟焉得無少,而兵焉得弱也?”③連詞。表示條件,相當於“無論”、“不論”。《詩經·魯頌·灃水》:“不小不大,從公於邁。”④通“毋”。不要。《古詩源·箜篌引》:“公無渡河,公竟渡河。墮河而死,當奈公何!”⑤非;不是。《管子·形勢》:“則國非其國,而民無其民也。”⑥語氣詞。用於疑問句末,表示疑問,相當於“否”。白居易《問劉十九》:“晚來天欲雪,能飲一杯無?”

奈:

①處置;對待。常與“何”連用,表示怎麼處置、怎麼對待。林覺民《與妻書》:“則較死為苦也,將奈之何?”有時也單用。《淮南子·兵略訓》:“唯無形者無可奈也。”②無奈;怎奈。表示轉折。王實甫《西廂記》第一本第二折:“小生特謁長老,奈路途奔馳,無以相饋。”

秋:

①谷物成熟。《禮記·月令》:“(孟夏之月)麥秋至。”②秋天的莊稼。趙汝鐩《耕織嘆》:“香穗垂頭秋登場。”③秋季,農歷七至九月。李紳《憫農二首》之一:“春種一粒粟,秋收萬顆子。”④一年的時間段。《史記·梁惠王世傢》:“千秋萬歲後將傳於王。”⑤時刻;時候。《宋史·宗澤傳》:“今日乃汝立功之秋,不可失也。”⑥喻白色。陸遊《訴衷情》:“胡未滅,鬢先秋。”⑦形容飛的樣子。《漢書·禮樂志》:“飛龍秋,遊上天。”也作“秋秋”。《荀子·解蔽》:“鳳凰秋秋。”

思:

①思考;想。《論語·為政》:“學而不思則罔。”《荀子·勸學》:“吾嘗終日而思矣,不如須臾之所學也。”②思念;懷念。《詩經·邶風·泉水》:“靡(mǐ)日不思。”(靡:無。)李白《靜夜思》:“低頭思故鄉。”③愁思。張華《勵志詩》:“吉士思秋。”(吉士:對男子的美稱。)④心情;情緒。李煜《虞美人》:“清霜殘雪思難任。”(清霜殘雪:指鬢發已白。)柳宗元《登柳州城樓》:“海天愁思正茫茫。”⑤助詞。可用於句首或句中,調整音節。《詩經·大雅 ·思齊》:“思齊大任,文王之母。”(齊:通“齋”。莊敬。大任:即太任。王季之妻,文王之母。)⑥語氣詞,啊。《詩經·周南·漢廣》:“南有喬木,不可休思。”(喬:高大。休:休息。)

jian :

①jian nan ;kun nan 。《chu ci ·li sao 》:“chang tai xi yi yan ti xi ,ai min sheng zhi duo jian 。”②jian xian ;xian e 。《shi jing ·xiao ya ·he ren si 》:“bi he ren si ,ji xin kong jian 。”《zhou yi ·tai gua 》:“mo ping bu bei ,mo wang bu fu ,jian zhen mo jiu 。”③fu mu zhi sang 。《shi shui xin yu ·de hang 》:“wang an feng zao jian ,zhi xing guo ren ,pei ling wang diao zhi 。”

nan :

(yi )nán kun nan ;jian nan 。yu “yi ”xiang dui 。《lao zi 》di er zhang :“gu you mo xiang sheng ,nan yi xiang cheng 。”li bai 《shu dao nan 》:“shu dao zhi nan ,nan yu shang qing tian 。” (er )nàn ①zai nan ;huo huan 。《sun zi ·mou gong 》:“san jun ji huo ju yi ,ze zhu hou zhi nan zhi yi 。”《han fei zi ·wu du 》:“jian jia li bing yi bei nan 。”(li bing :mo kuai bing qi 。)te zhi bing nan ,fan kang huo pan luan 。gu yi 《guo qin lun 》:“yi fu zuo nan er qi miao hui 。”(qi miao :tian zi de zong miao 。hui :hui huai 。)su shi 《chao cuo lun 》:“wei ren ren jun zi hao jie zhi shi ,neng chu shen wei tian xia fan da nan ,yi qiu cheng da gong 。”②yuan chou 。《zhan guo ce ·qin ce yi 》:“yi yu zhou wu wei nan 。”(zhou wu :zhou wu wang 。)《shi ji ·zhang yi lie chuan 》:“chu chang yu qin gou nan ,zhan yu han zhong 。”③ze bei ;ze nan 。《meng zi ·li lou xia 》:“yu qin shou you he nan yan ?”you jie wen ;fan bo 。《lun heng ·wen kong 》:“zao nan kong zi ,he shang yu yi ?”wang an dan 《da si ma jian yi shu 》:“bi xie shui ,nan ren ren 。”(ren ren :ning ren ,qiao yan chan mei de xiao ren 。)you bian bo de guan dian ,lun dian 。《han shu ·gao di ji 》:“(han wang )yi wen zhang liang ,liang fa ba nan 。” (san )nuó ①mao cheng de yang zi 。《shi jing ·xiao ya ·xi sang 》:“xi sang you a ,ji xie you nan 。”(a :tong “e ”,rou mei de yang zi 。)②qu zhu yi gui 。hou lai xie zuo “nuo ”。《zhou li ·xia guan ·fang xiang shi 》:“shuai bai li er shi nan ,yi suo shi qu yi 。”

duo :

①shu liang da ,yu “shao ”xiang dui 。《meng zi ·gong sun chou xia 》:“de dao zhe duo zhu ,shi dao zhe gua zhu 。”(de dao :zhi de zhi guo zhi dao ,ji hang ren zheng 。gua :shao 。)wang wei 《xiang sai 》:“yuan jun duo cai xie 。”②sheng guo ;chao guo 。shang xian zu 《zi xiao ji ·qiao tan 》:“xiang ta cai shi xiang ru ,mao duo wang can 。”(xiang ru :si ma xiang ru ,han ci fu jia 。wang can :han wei jian ren ,mao mei duo cai 。)③chen zan ;zhao chong 。《shi ji ·ji bu luan bu lie chuan 》:“zhu gong jie duo ji bu neng cui gang wei rou ,zhu jia yi ci ming wen dang shi 。”《shi ji ·wei ji wu an hou lie chuan 》:“shi yi yi ci duo zhi 。”④guo fen de ;duo yu de 。《zhuang zi ·yu fu 》:“jin zi ji shang mo jun hou you si zhi shi ,er xia mo da chen zhi shi zhi guan ,er shan chi (chì)li le ,shua ren lun yi hua ji min ,bu tai duo shi hu ?”(chi :zheng du 。tai :tai ,guo yu ,guo fen 。)liu shao 《ren wu zhi ·ti bie 》:“fu zai duo yi 。”⑤zeng duo 。《xun zi ·tian lun 》:“yin wu er duo zhi ,shu yu cheng neng er hua zhi ?”⑥tong “chi ”,bu zheng 。《fa yan ·wu zi 》:“zhong zheng ze ya ,duo wa ze zheng 。”(wa :yin xie de le sheng 。)⑦fu ci 。biao shi xian ding 。yao xiang dang yu “zhi ”、“jin jin ”。zhu fu 《wei you zhou mu yu peng chong shu 》:“ci you he bin zhi min peng tu yi sai meng jin ,duo jian ji bu zhi liang ye 。”《lun yu ·zi zhang 》:“ren sui yu zi jue ,ji he shang yu ri yue hu ? duo jian ji bu zhi liang ye 。”

bing :

①chong bing ;chong shang 。gu chen qing bing wei ji ,chong bing wei bing 。《zuo chuan ·xi gong er shi ba nian 》:“bing ,ze jiang sha zhi 。”hou fan zhi yi ban ji bing 。《meng zi ·teng wen gong shang 》:“wu gu yuan jian ,jin wu shang bing ;bing yu ,wo ju wang jian 。”②huan bing 。《hou han shu ·wang chong chuan 》:“yong yuan zhong ,bing cu yu jia 。”③kun ku ;ji ku 。bai ju yi 《ji tang sheng 》:“wei ge sheng min bing ,yuan de tian zi zhi 。”④you lv ;dan xin 。《zuo chuan ·xiang gong er shi si nian 》:“zheng ren bing zhi 。”⑤que dian ;cuo wu 。《kong zi jia yu ·zai e 》:“kong zi sheng xian ,ji suo ci ji ,jie zhong zhu hou zhi bing 。”

er :

①shu ci 。yi jia yi de he 。《xun zi ·quan xue 》:“wen yi er gao er wei zhi za 。”②di er 。聶yi zhong 《yong tian jia 》:“er yue mai xin si ,wu yue tiao (tiào)xin gu 。”(tiao :mai liang shi 。)③bu zhuan yi ;bu yi zhi 。wei zheng 《shu huai 》:“ji bu mo er nuo ,hou ying chong yi yan 。”(nuo :hu nuo 。)《han shu ·wang ling chuan 》:“wu yi lao qie gu chi er xin 。”

ling :

①da tu shan 。《shi jing ·xiao ya ·tian bao 》:“ru shan ru gao ,ru gang ru ling 。”②yue guo ;yu yue 。《li ji ·tan gong shang 》:“sang shi sui ju bu ling jie 。”(ju :cong mang 。jie :gui ju 。)《hou han shu ·feng yan chuan 》:“bu qiu gou de ,chang you ling yun zhi zhi 。”③sheng ;deng 。guo pu 《you xian shi shi si shou 》zhi yi :“lin yuan yi (yì)qing bo ,ling gang duo (duō)dan ti 。”(yi :yao qu 。duo :she qu 。dan ti :cao de gong se nen ya 。)④cheng ;ling jia 。《huai na zi ·yuan dao 》:“cheng yun ling xiao 。”cao zhi 《luo shen fu 》:“ling bo wei bu 。”⑤qi ling ;qin fan 。《guan zi ·zhi guo 》:“min pin ze wei xiang qing jia ,wei xiang qing jia ze gan ling shang fan jin 。”(wei :wei hai 。)⑥mo li 。《xun zi ·jun dao 》:“bing ren bu dai ling er jin 。”(jin :jian jiang you li 。)⑦di wang ling mu 。《guo yu ·ji yu 》:“ding min zhi ju ,cheng min zhi shi ,ling wei zhi zhong 。”[ling yi ]cui wei 。《han shu ·cheng di ji 》:“di wang zhi dao ,ri yi ling yi 。”

mo :

①mei you 。gen “you ”xiang dui 。liu you 《you shan xi cun 》:“shan chong shui fu yi mo lu 。”②fu ci 。biao shi fou ding ,xiang dang yu “bu ”。《shang jun shu ·nong zhan 》:“min yi ci wei jiao ,ze su yan de mo shao ,er bing yan de ruo ye ?”③lian ci 。biao shi tiao jian ,xiang dang yu “mo lun ”、“bu lun ”。《shi jing ·lu song ·feng shui 》:“bu xiao bu da ,cong gong yu mai 。”④tong “wu ”。bu yao 。《gu shi yuan ·kong hou yin 》:“gong mo du he ,gong jing du he 。duo he er si ,dang nai gong he !”⑤fei ;bu shi 。《guan zi ·xing shi 》:“ze guo fei ji guo ,er min mo ji min ye 。”⑥yu qi ci 。yong yu yi wen gou mo ,biao shi yi wen ,xiang dang yu “fou ”。bai ju yi 《wen liu shi jiu 》:“wan lai tian yu xue ,neng yin yi bei mo ?”

nai :

①chu zhi ;dui dai 。chang yu “he ”lian yong ,biao shi zen me chu zhi 、zen me dui dai 。lin jiao min 《yu qi shu 》:“ze jiao si wei ku ye ,jiang nai zhi he ?”you shi ye chan yong 。《huai na zi ·bing lve xun 》:“wei mo xing zhe mo ke nai ye 。”②mo nai ;zen nai 。biao shi zhuai she 。wang shi fu 《xi xiang ji 》di yi ben di er she :“xiao sheng te ye chang lao ,nai lu tu ben chi ,mo yi xiang kui 。”

qiu :

①gu wu cheng shou 。《li ji ·yue ling 》:“(meng xia zhi yue )mai qiu zhi 。”②qiu tian de zhuang jia 。zhao ru sui 《geng zhi tan 》:“xiang sui chui tou qiu deng chang 。”③qiu ji ,nong li qi zhi jiu yue 。li shen 《min nong er shou 》zhi yi :“chun chong yi li su ,qiu shou mo ke zi 。”④yi nian de shi jian duan 。《shi ji ·liang hui wang shi jia 》:“qian qiu mo sui hou jiang chuan yu wang 。”⑤shi ke ;shi hou 。《song shi ·zong ze chuan 》:“jin ri nai ru li gong zhi qiu ,bu ke shi ye 。”⑥yu bai se 。liu you 《su zhong qing 》:“hu wei mie ,bin xian qiu 。”⑦xing rong fei de yang zi 。《han shu ·li le zhi 》:“fei long qiu ,you shang tian 。”ye zuo “qiu qiu ”。《xun zi ·jie bi 》:“feng huang qiu qiu 。”

sai :

①sai kao ;xiang 。《lun yu ·wei zheng 》:“xue er bu sai ze wang 。”《xun zi ·quan xue 》:“wu chang zhong ri er sai yi ,bu ru xu yu zhi suo xue ye 。”②sai nian ;huai nian 。《shi jing ·bei feng ·quan shui 》:“mi (mǐ)ri bu sai 。”(mi :mo 。)li bai 《jing ye sai 》:“di tou sai gu xiang 。”③chou sai 。zhang hua 《li zhi shi 》:“ji shi sai qiu 。”(ji shi :dui nan zi de mei chen 。)④xin qing ;qing xu 。li yu 《yu mei ren 》:“qing shuang can xue sai nan ren 。”(qing shuang can xue :zhi bin fa yi bai 。)liu zong yuan 《deng liu zhou cheng lou 》:“hai tian chou sai zheng mang mang 。”⑤zhu ci 。ke yong yu gou shou huo gou zhong ,diao zheng yin jie 。《shi jing ·da ya ·sai ji 》:“sai ji da ren ,wen wang zhi mu 。”(ji :tong “zhai ”。zhuang jing 。da ren :ji tai ren 。wang ji zhi qi ,wen wang zhi mu 。)⑥yu qi ci ,a 。《shi jing ·zhou na ·han an 》:“na you qiao mu ,bu ke xiu sai 。”(qiao :gao da 。xiu :xiu xi 。)