舊:

①陳舊的;過時的。《論語·公冶長》:“舊令尹之政,必以告新令君。”王安石《元日》:“總把新桃換舊符。”《左傳·昭公二十一年》:“宋城舊鄘及桑林之門而守之。”(鄘:同“墉”。城垣。桑林:城門名。)劉兼《重陽感懷》之二:“張儀舊壁蒼苔厚,諸葛荒祠古木寒。”②故交;舊相識。《三國志·蜀書·諸葛亮傳》:“玄素與荊州牧劉表有舊。”③從前的;原來的。諸葛亮《出師表》:“興復漢室,還於舊都。”

學:

(一)①學習。《論語·季氏》:“不學,無以言。”②仿效。③學校。《孟子·滕文公上》:“夏曰校,殷曰序,周曰庠,學則三代共之。”④學問;學識。《韓非子·外儲說左上》:“其學甚博。”⑤學說;學派。《韓非子·顯學》:“世之顯學,儒墨也。” (二)jiào 教導。後作“教”。《墨子·魯問》:“魯人有因子墨子而學其子者。”

終:

①終瞭;結束。《詩經·大雅·蕩》:“靡(mí)不有初,鮮(xiǎn)克有終。”(靡:無。鮮:少。克:能。)《孫子兵法·勢篇》:“終而復始,日月是也。”②生命完結;死。《史記·刺客列傳》:“老母今以天年終,政將為知己者用。”(政:人名。)③自始至終。《戰國策·魏策四》:“受地於先王,願終守之。”④副詞。終歸;終於。《戰國策·齊策二》:“為蛇足者,終亡其酒。”⑤盡;全。《老子》:“驟雨不終日。”[終……且……]既……又……。《詩經·邶風·終風》:“終風且暴。”(暴:急雨。)

難:

(一)nán 困難;艱難。與“易”相對。《老子》第二章:“故有無相生,難易相成。”李白《蜀道難》:“蜀道之難,難於上青天。” (二)nàn ①災難;禍患。《孫子·謀攻》:“三軍既惑且疑,則諸侯之難至矣。”《韓非子·五蠹》:“堅甲厲兵以備難。”(厲兵:磨快兵器。)特指兵難,反抗或叛亂。賈誼《過秦論》:“一夫作難而七廟隳。”(七廟:天子的宗廟。隳 :毀壞。)蘇軾《晁錯論》:“惟仁人君子豪傑之士,能出身為天下犯大難,以求成大功。”②怨仇。《戰國策·秦策一》:“以與周武為難。”(周武:周武王。)《史記·張儀列傳》:“楚嘗與秦構難,戰於漢中。”③責備;責難。《孟子·離婁下》:“於禽獸又何難焉?”又詰問;反駁。《論衡·問孔》:“造難孔子,何傷於義?”王安石《答司馬諫議書》:“辟邪說,難壬人。”(壬人:佞人,巧言諂媚的小人。)又辯駁的觀點,論點。《漢書·高帝紀》:“(漢王)以問張良,良發八難。” (三)nuó ①茂盛的樣子。《詩經·小雅·隰桑》:“隰桑有阿,其葉有難。”(阿:通“婀”,柔美的樣子。)②驅逐疫鬼。後來寫作“儺”。《周禮·夏官·方相氏》:“帥百隸而時難,以索室驅疫。”

改:

①變更;改易。《論語·雍也》:“人不堪其憂,回也不改其樂。”(回:即孔子弟子顏回。)②改正。《論語·學而》:“過則勿憚改。”《史記·孝文帝紀》:“雖復欲改過自新,其道無由也。”

jiu :

①chen jiu de ;guo shi de 。《lun yu ·gong ye chang 》:“jiu ling yin zhi zheng ,bi yi gao xin ling jun 。”wang an dan 《yuan ri 》:“zong ba xin tao huan jiu fu 。”《zuo chuan ·zhao gong er shi yi nian 》:“song cheng jiu yong ji sang lin zhi men er shou zhi 。”(yong :tong “yong ”。cheng yuan 。sang lin :cheng men ming 。)liu jian 《chong yang gan huai 》zhi er :“zhang yi jiu bi cang tai hou ,zhu ge huang ci gu mu han 。”②gu jiao ;jiu xiang shi 。《san guo zhi ·shu shu ·zhu ge liang chuan 》:“xuan su yu jing zhou mu liu biao you jiu 。”③cong qian de ;yuan lai de 。zhu ge liang 《chu shi biao 》:“xing fu han shi ,hai yu jiu dou 。”

xue :

(yi )①xue xi 。《lun yu ·ji shi 》:“bu xue ,mo yi yan 。”②fang xiao 。③xue jiao 。《meng zi ·teng wen gong shang 》:“xia yue jiao ,yan yue xu ,zhou yue xiang ,xue ze san dai gong zhi 。”④xue wen ;xue shi 。《han fei zi ·wai chu shui zuo shang 》:“ji xue shen bo 。”⑤xue shui ;xue pa 。《han fei zi ·xian xue 》:“shi zhi xian xue ,ru mo ye 。” (er )jiào jiao dao 。hou zuo “jiao ”。《mo zi ·lu wen 》:“lu ren you yin zi mo zi er xue ji zi zhe 。”

zhong :

①zhong le ;jie shu 。《shi jing ·da ya ·dang 》:“mi (mí)bu you chu ,xian (xiǎn)ke you zhong 。”(mi :mo 。xian :shao 。ke :neng 。)《sun zi bing fa ·shi pian 》:“zhong er fu shi ,ri yue shi ye 。”②sheng ming wan jie ;si 。《shi ji ·ci ke lie chuan 》:“lao mu jin yi tian nian zhong ,zheng jiang wei zhi ji zhe yong 。”(zheng :ren ming 。)③zi shi zhi zhong 。《zhan guo ce ·wei ce si 》:“shou de yu xian wang ,yuan zhong shou zhi 。”④fu ci 。zhong gui ;zhong yu 。《zhan guo ce ·ji ce er 》:“wei she zu zhe ,zhong wang ji jiu 。”⑤jin ;quan 。《lao zi 》:“zhou yu bu zhong ri 。”[zhong ……ju ……]ji ……you ……。《shi jing ·bei feng ·zhong feng 》:“zhong feng ju bao 。”(bao :ji yu 。)

nan :

(yi )nán kun nan ;jian nan 。yu “yi ”xiang dui 。《lao zi 》di er zhang :“gu you mo xiang sheng ,nan yi xiang cheng 。”li bai 《shu dao nan 》:“shu dao zhi nan ,nan yu shang qing tian 。” (er )nàn ①zai nan ;huo huan 。《sun zi ·mou gong 》:“san jun ji huo ju yi ,ze zhu hou zhi nan zhi yi 。”《han fei zi ·wu du 》:“jian jia li bing yi bei nan 。”(li bing :mo kuai bing qi 。)te zhi bing nan ,fan kang huo pan luan 。gu yi 《guo qin lun 》:“yi fu zuo nan er qi miao hui 。”(qi miao :tian zi de zong miao 。hui :hui huai 。)su shi 《chao cuo lun 》:“wei ren ren jun zi hao jie zhi shi ,neng chu shen wei tian xia fan da nan ,yi qiu cheng da gong 。”②yuan chou 。《zhan guo ce ·qin ce yi 》:“yi yu zhou wu wei nan 。”(zhou wu :zhou wu wang 。)《shi ji ·zhang yi lie chuan 》:“chu chang yu qin gou nan ,zhan yu han zhong 。”③ze bei ;ze nan 。《meng zi ·li lou xia 》:“yu qin shou you he nan yan ?”you jie wen ;fan bo 。《lun heng ·wen kong 》:“zao nan kong zi ,he shang yu yi ?”wang an dan 《da si ma jian yi shu 》:“bi xie shui ,nan ren ren 。”(ren ren :ning ren ,qiao yan chan mei de xiao ren 。)you bian bo de guan dian ,lun dian 。《han shu ·gao di ji 》:“(han wang )yi wen zhang liang ,liang fa ba nan 。” (san )nuó ①mao cheng de yang zi 。《shi jing ·xiao ya ·xi sang 》:“xi sang you a ,ji xie you nan 。”(a :tong “e ”,rou mei de yang zi 。)②qu zhu yi gui 。hou lai xie zuo “nuo ”。《zhou li ·xia guan ·fang xiang shi 》:“shuai bai li er shi nan ,yi suo shi qu yi 。”

gai :

①bian geng ;gai yi 。《lun yu ·yong ye 》:“ren bu kan ji you ,hui ye bu gai ji le 。”(hui :ji kong zi di zi yan hui 。)②gai zheng 。《lun yu ·xue er 》:“guo ze wu dan gai 。”《shi ji ·xiao wen di ji 》:“sui fu yu gai guo zi xin ,ji dao mo you ye 。”